Colonic adenomatous polyp with florid presence of monoclonal lambda Russell bodies: Case report and etiopathogenic hypothesis / Pólipo adenomatoso colónico con presencia florida de cuerpos de Russell monoclonales lambda: comunicación de un caso e hipótesis etiopatogénica

Russell bodies (RBs) are round eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions formed by condensed immunoglobulins in mature plasma cells, which are called Mott cells. These cells are rarely found in the gastric tract, with even less cases reported in the colorectal region. There are still many questions about this event, as it is still unknown the relationship between the agents reported of increasing the probability of appearance of these cells and the generation of RBs. In this case report we describe the fifth patient presenting an infiltration of Mott cells in a colorectal polyp, being the second case with a monoclonal origin without a neoplastic cause, and the first one monoclonal for lambda. A comparison with previously similar reported cases is also done, and a possible etiopathogenic hypothesis proposed. (AU)

Los cuerpos de Russell (RB) son inclusiones intracitoplasmáticas eosinofílicas redondas formadas por inmunoglobulinas condensadas en las células plasmáticas maduras, que se denominan células de Mott. Estas células rara vez se encuentran en el tracto gástrico, y son aún más infrecuentes en la región colorrectal. Actualmente hay muchas dudas sobre este evento, ya que se desconoce la relación entre los agentes causantes de aumentar la probabilidad de aparición tanto de estas células como de la de RB. En este caso describimos al quinto paciente con un pólipo colorrectal, localizado en el tracto colorrectal e infiltrado por células de Mott, siendo el segundo caso de origen monoclonal sin causa neoplásica y el primero monoclonal para lambda. También se hace una comparación con casos similares previamente reportados y se propone una hipótesis etiopatogénica. (AU)

Colonic adenomatous polyp with florid presence of monoclonal lambda Russell bodies: Case report and etiopathogenic hypothesis.

Russell bodies (RBs) are round eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions formed by condensed immunoglobulins in mature plasma cells, which are called Mott cells. These cells are rarely found in the gastric tract, with even less cases reported in the colorectal region. There are still many questions about this event, as it is still unknown the relationship between the agents reported of increasing the probability of appearance of these cells and the generation of RBs. In this case report we describe the fifth patient presenting an infiltration of Mott cells in a colorectal polyp, being the second case with a monoclonal origin without a neoplastic cause, and the first one monoclonal for lambda. A comparison with previously similar reported cases is also done, and a possible etiopathogenic hypothesis proposed.

[Translated article] Prurigiform Angiomatosis: A New Term for Describing the Prominent Dermal Angiomatoid Proliferation Underlying Epidermal Changes in Prurigo Nodularis/Lichen Simplex Chronicus.

Vascular hyperplasia is a common finding in prurigo nodularis/lichen simplex chronicus (LSC). The term prurigiform angiomatosis was recently proposed to describe a histologic pattern characterized by prominent vascular hyperplasia in patients with LSC. The aim of this study was to identify cases of LSC with this pattern and analyze associations with clinical and pathologic features and disease course. We reviewed 54 cases of histologically confirmed LSC and detected findings consistent with prurigiform angiomatosis in 10 (18.5%). The patients (7 men, 3 women) had a mean age of 59.7 years. The lesions were pruritic and predominantly located on the extremities and trunk. The most notable histologic finding was vascular proliferation in the superficial dermis associated with a lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate. Recognition of prurigiform angiomatosis is important as it helps not only to distinguish LSC from other entities (mainly vascular tumors) but also to detect lesions that need to be surgically excised due to poor response to topical treatment.

Prurigiform Angiomatosis: A New Term for Describing the Prominent Dermal Angiomatoid Proliferation Underlying Epidermal Changes in Prurigo Nodularis/Lichen Simplex Chronicus. / Angiomatosis prurigiforme: una nueva entidad propuesta para la proliferación angiomatoide dérmica prominente subyacente a los cambios epidérmicos de prurigo nodularis/liquen simple crónico.

Vascular hyperplasia is a common finding in prurigo nodularis/lichen simplex chronicus (LSC). The term prurigiform angiomatosis was recently proposed to describe a histologic pattern characterized by prominent vascular hyperplasia in patients with LSC. The aim of this study was to identify cases of LSC with this pattern and analyze associations with clinical and pathologic features and disease course. We reviewed 54 cases of histologically confirmed LSC and detected findings consistent with prurigiform angiomatosis in 10 (18.5%). The patients (7 men, 3 women) had a mean age of 59.7 years. The lesions were pruritic and predominantly located on the extremities and trunk. The most notable histologic finding was vascular proliferation in the superficial dermis associated with a lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate. Recognition of prurigiform angiomatosis is important as it helps not only to distinguish LSC from other entities (mainly vascular tumors) but also to detect lesions that need to be surgically excised due to poor response to topical treatment.

Immunohistochemical expression of COX-2, Ki-67, Bcl-2, Bax, VEGF and CD105 according to histological grading in oral squamous cell carcinoma / Expresión inmunohistoquímica de COX-2, Ki-67, Bcl-2, Bax, VEGF y CD105 según el grado histológico en el carcinoma oral de células escamosas

Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most prevalent head and neck cancer. Few studies have analyzed the expression of proteins related to inflammation (COX-2) and tumor progression according to the histological grade of OSCC. Objective: Analyze the immunohistochemical expression of COX-2, Ki-67 (cell proliferation), Bcl-2/Bax (apoptosis), VEGF, and CD105 (angiogenesis) according to histological grades of OSCC.Material and methodsThe immunohistochemical expression of COX-2, Ki-67, Bcl-2, Bax, VEGF, and CD105 of 58 cases of OSCC was analyzed. 13 cases of oral mucosa (OM) were analyzed as controls. Results: COX-2, VEGF, CD105, and Ki-67 were higher in OSCC than in OM, particularly in poorly differentiated OSCC (p<0.05). Bax expression was lower in poorly differentiated OSCC (p<0.001). The Bcl-2/Bax ratio was higher in OSCC compared to MO (p<0.05). Conclusion: There are immunohistochemical differences according to histological grades of OSCC, which could influence clinical behavior.(AU)

Introducción: El carcinoma oral de células escamosas (COCE) es el cáncer de cabeza y cuello más prevalente. Escasos estudios analizan la expresión de proteínas relacionadas a inflamación (COX-2) y progresión tumoral según el grado histológico de COCE. Objetivo: Analizar la expresión inmunohistoquímica de COX-2, Ki-67 (proliferación celular), Bcl-2/Bax (apoptosis), VEGF y CD105 (angiogénesis) según grados histológicos de COCE.Material y métodos. Se analizó la expresión inmunohistoquímica de COX-2, Ki-67, Bcl-2, Bax, VEGF y CD105 de 58 casos de COCE. Trece casos de mucosa oral (MO) fueron analizados como control. Resultados: Las expresiones de COX-2, VEGF, CD105 y Ki-67 fueron mayores en el COCE comparadas con la MO, particularmente en el COCE pobremente diferenciado (p < 0,05). La expresión de Bax fue menor en el COCE pobremente diferenciado (p < 0,001). La razón Bcl-2/Bax fue mayor en COCE comparado con MO (p < 0,05). Conclusión: Existen diferencias inmunohistoquímicas según grados histológicos de COCE, lo que podría determinar una evolución clínica diferenciada.(AU)

Immunohistochemical expression of COX-2, Ki-67, Bcl-2, Bax, VEGF and CD105 according to histological grading in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most prevalent head and neck cancer. Few studies have analyzed the expression of proteins related to inflammation (COX-2) and tumor progression according to the histological grade of OSCC. OBJECTIVE: Analyze the immunohistochemical expression of COX-2, Ki-67 (cell proliferation), Bcl-2/Bax (apoptosis), VEGF, and CD105 (angiogenesis) according to histological grades of OSCC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The immunohistochemical expression of COX-2, Ki-67, Bcl-2, Bax, VEGF, and CD105 of 58 cases of OSCC was analyzed. 13 cases of oral mucosa (OM) were analyzed as controls. RESULTS: COX-2, VEGF, CD105, and Ki-67 were higher in OSCC than in OM, particularly in poorly differentiated OSCC (p<0.05). Bax expression was lower in poorly differentiated OSCC (p<0.001). The Bcl-2/Bax ratio was higher in OSCC compared to MO (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: There are immunohistochemical differences according to histological grades of OSCC, which could influence clinical behavior.

Effects of 970 nm diode laser irradiation on morphology, proliferation, and differentiation of gingival mesenchymal stem cells / Efectos de la irradiación con láser de diodo de 970 m sobre la morfología, la proliferación y la diferenciación de las células madre mesenquimales gingivales

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the morphology, proliferation, and differentiation of gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) irradiated with a 970 nm Diode Laser (LLLT). It is essential to validate the efficacy of treatment, optimize irradiation conditions and guarantee the safety and quality of stem cells for future use in dental applications. Materials and Methods: GMSCs were cultured in standard conditions and irradiated with a Diode laser (970 nm, 0.5W) with an energy density of 9J/cm2. Cell proliferation was assessed with the WST-1 proliferation kit. GMSCs were differentiated into chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages. Cell morphology was performed with Hematoxylin/eosin staining, and quantitative nuclear analysis was done. Cell viability was monitored with trypan blue testing. Results: GMSCs subjected to irradiation demonstrated a significant increase in proliferation at 72 hours compared to the non-irradiated controls (p=0.027). This indicates that the 970 nm diode laser has a stimulatory effect on the proliferation of GMSCs. LLLT-stimulated GMSCs exhibited the ability to differentiate into chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages. A substantial decrease in cell viability was observed 24 hours after irradiation (p=0.024). However, after 48 hours, the cell viability recovered without any significant differences. This indicates that there might be a temporary negative impact on cell viability immediately following irradiation, but the cells were able to recover and regain their viability over time. Conclusions: This study support that irradiation with a 970 nm diode laser could stimulate the proliferation of GMSCs, maintain their ability to differentiate into chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages, and has minimal impact on the mor- phological characteristics of the cells. These results support the potential use of NIR Lasers in combination with GMSCs as a promising strategy for dental treatments.

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la morfología, proliferación y diferenciación de las células madre mesenquimatosas (GMSC) irradiadas con un láser de diodo de 970 nm (LLLT). Es fundamental validar la eficacia del tratamiento, optimizar las condiciones de irradiación y garantizar la seguridad y calidad de las células madre para su uso futuro en aplicaciones dentales.Materiales y Métodos: Las GMSC se cultivaron en condiciones estándar y se irradiaron con un láser de diodo (970 nm, 0,5 W) con una densidad de energía de 9 J/cm2. La proliferación celular se evaluó con el kit de proliferación WST-1. Las GMSC se diferenciaron en linajes condrogénicos y osteogénicos. La morfología celular se realizó con tinción de hematoxilina/eosina y se realizó un análisis nuclear cuantitativo. La viabilidad celular se controló con prueba de azul de tripano. Resultados: Las GMSC sometidas a irradiación demostraron un aumento significativo en la proliferación a las 72 horas en comparación con los controles no irradiados (p=0,027). Esto indica que el láser de diodo de 970 nm tiene un efecto estimulante sobre la proliferación de GMSC. Las GMSC estimuladas con LLLT exhibieron la capacidad de diferenciarse en linajes condrogénicos y osteogénicos. Se observó una disminución sustancial de la viabilidad celular 24 horas después de la irradiación (p=0,024). Sin embargo, después de 48 horas, la viabilidad celular se recuperó sin diferencias significativas. Esto indica que podría haber un impacto negativo temporal en la viabilidad de las células inmediatamente después de la irradiación, pero las células pudieron recuperarse y recuperar su viabilidad con el tiempo. Conclusión: En conclusión, este estudio respalda que la irradiación con un láser de diodo de 970 nm podría estimular la proliferación de GMSC, mantener su capacidad para diferenciarse en linajes condrogénicos y osteogénicos y tiene un impacto mínimo en las características morfológicas de las células. Estos resultados respaldan el uso potencial de láseres NIR en combinación con GMSC como una estrategia prometedora para tratamientos dentales.

Agrandamiento gingival asociado al tratamiento de ortodoncia: análisis histológico e inmunohistoquímico de dos casos clínicos

El agrandamiento gingival asociado al tratamiento de ortodoncia (AGTO) es el crecimiento no controlado de la encía. Aquí reportamos dos casos clínicos de pacientes masculinos sistèmicamente sanos con AGTO generalizado, con asociación a la biopelícula dental y sin esta. En ambos pacientes se identificó un tejido epitelial hiperplásico con abundantes células positivas para Ki-67 y tejido conectivo rico en fibras de colágeno distribuidas aleatoriamente. Futuros estudios serán útiles para dilucidar las diferencias fisiopatológicas del AGTO con relación con el biofilm dental y sin esta.

Orthodontic treatment-induce gingival overgrowth (OTGO) is uncontrolled growth of the gingiva. Here, we report two clinical cases of systemically healthy male patients with generalized GH undergoing orthodontic treatment, with and without association with dental biofilm. In both patients, hyperplastic epithelial tissue was identified with abundant Ki-67 positive cells and connective tissue rich in randomly distributed collagen fibers. Future studies will be useful to elucidate the pathophysiological differences of OTGO with and without relation to dental biofilm.

La expresión del Ki67 y su correlación con factores pronósticos clásicos del carcinoma mamario

Introducción: El Ki67 es una proteína reguladora del ciclo celular asociada a la proliferación de las células tumorales. Su expresión siempre ha tenido un papel en la clasificación tumoral, constituye uno de los factores pronósticos y predictivos en el carcinoma mamario. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la expresión del marcador de Ki67 y otros factores pronósticos clásicos del cáncer de mama. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo analítico, de corte transversal, realizado en el Hospital Clínico-Quirúrgico Docente Celestino Hernández, Villa Clara, entre enero 2017 y mayo de 2019. Se incluyeron 286 mujeres con diagnóstico de carcinoma de mama infiltrante, a cuyas biopsias se les realizó estudio inmunohistoquímico. La expresión del marcador celular Ki67 fue categorizado como baja (Ki6720 %). Se analizó la relación entre el nivel de expresión de Ki67 con otros factores pronósticos y predictivos del carcinoma mamario. Resultados: El tipo histológico no especial (carcinoma ductal) fue el que se reportó con mayor frecuencia. Los niveles de expresión altos del marcador celular Ki67 (Ki67≥20 %) se asociaron con el grado histológico alto (grado 3) y la sobreexpresión de Her2. La expresión baja del Ki-67 (<20 %) se asoció con la expresión de los receptores de estrógeno y progesterona. No se demostró asociación significativa entre la talla tumoral y la expresión de Ki67. Conclusiones: Los niveles de expresión del Ki67 mostraron una asociación significativa con varios factores predictivos y pronósticos clásicos del cáncer de mama.

Introduction: Ki67 is a regulatory protein of cellular cycle which is associated to the proliferation of tumoral cells. Its expression has always had an important role at the tumor classification and it is one of the prognostic and predictive factors in breast carcinoma. Objective: To determine the relationship between the expression of Ki67 and other classic prognostic factors used in breast cancer. Methods: A cross-sectional, analytic and descriptive study was carried out at the Teaching Clinic-Surgical Hospital Celestino Hernández, Villa Clara, from January 2017 to June 2019. It was included 286 women with diagnosis of infiltrating breast carcinoma, whose biopsies were studied by immunohistochemistry. The Ki-67 cell marker expression was categorized as low (Ki-6720 %). It was analyzed the relationship between level of expression of Ki67 and other classical prognostic and predictive factors. Results: The no special histological type (ductal carcinoma) was the type more often reported. High expression level of Ki67 was associated with the high histological grade (grade 3) and the overexpression of Her2. Low expression of Ki-67 (<20 %) was associated with the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors. There was not significant association between the tumor size and the expression of Ki67. Conclusions: The levels of expression of Ki67 showed significant association with several predictive and prognostic factors of breast carcinoma.

The effects of curcumin on the biological behavior of colorectal cancer cells through the JAK/STAT3 and RAS/MAPK/NF-κB pathways / Los efectos de la curcumina en el comportamiento biológico de las células del cáncer colorrectal mediante las vías JAK/STAT3 y RAS/MAPK/NF-KB

Abstract The purpose of this work was to investigate the effects of curcumin on the biological behavior of colorectal cancer cells through the JAK/STAT3 and RAS/MAPK/NF-κB pathways. Human colorectal cancer HCT116 cells were cultured and divided into a control group and low, medium and high-dose curcumin groups (n =5). HCT116 colorectal cancer cells became long-growing cells after incubation and culture at 37°C. The control group was treated with 15μL phosphate-buffered saline, and the low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose curcumin groups were treated with 20, 40 and 80μmol/L curcumin, respectively. All groups were treated with relevant drug intervention, digested and centrifuged for 48h, washed twice with a PBS solution, centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 3 min, and the cells precipitated. The proliferation, apoptosis and growth cycle of cells in each group were observed, and the expressions of the JAK/STAT3 and RAS/MAPK/NF-κB pathways and related proteins in each group were studied. Compared with the curcumin low-dose and medium-dose groups, the proliferation ability of the curcumin high-dose group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). When the low-dose and medium-dose curcumin groups were compared with the high-dose curcumin group, the apoptosis ability was significantly increased (P<0.05). When the low-dose and medium-dose curcumin groups were compared, the growth ratio of the G0/G1 phase in the high-dose curcumin group was significantly increased, and the percentage of the S phase was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the curcumin low-dose and medium-dose groups, the expression of JAK-STAT3 and RAS/MAPK/NF-κB pathway in the curcumin high-dose group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The protein expressions of STAT3, RAS, P-P38 and P65 in the curcumin high-dose group were significantly lower than those in the curcumin low-dose and medium-dose groups (P<0.05). Curcumin can inhibit the expression of JAK/STAT3 and RAS/MAPK/NF-κB pathways, block the growth cycle, and inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells, providing a new idea for the clinical treatment of colorectal cancer.

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue investigar los efectos de la curcumina en el comportamiento biológico de las células del cáncer colorrectal mediante el estudio de las vías JAK/STAT3 y RAS/MAPK/NF-KB. Las células del cáncer colorrectal humano HCT116 se cultivaron y dividieron en un grupo control y en grupos con dosis baja, media y alta (n = 5) de curcumina. Las células de cáncer colorrectal HCT116 se convirtieron en células de crecimiento prolongado después de la incubación y cultivo a 37°C. El grupo de control se trató con 15 μL de solución tampón fosfato salina (PBS) y los grupos de curcumina de dosis baja, media y alta se trataron con 20, 40 y 80 μmol/L de curcumina, respectivamente. Todos los grupos fueron tratados con la intervención farmacológica pertinente, digeridos y centrifugados durante 48 horas, lavados dos veces con solución de PBS, centrifugados a 1000 rpm durante 3 minutos, y las células precipitadas. Se observaron la proliferación, la apoptosis y el ciclo de crecimiento de las células de cada grupo, y fueron estudiados las expresiones de las vías JAK/STAT3, RAS/MAPK/NF-KB y proteínas relacionadas en cada grupo. Comparado con los grupos de la dosis baja y media de la curcumina, disminuyó obviamente la capacidad de proliferación del grupo de la dosis alta de la curcumina (P<0,05). Comparado con los grupos de la dosis baja y media de la curcumina, aumentó de modo significativo la capacidad de la apoptosis del grupo de la dosis alta de la curcumina (P<0,05). Comparado con los grupos de la curcumina de dosis baja y media, aumentó obviamente la proporción del crecimiento de la fase G0/G1 en el grupo de la curcumina de dosis alta y el porcentaje de la fase S disminuyó considerablemente (P<0,05). Las expresiones proteicas STAT3, RAS, P-P38 y P65 en el grupo de la dosis alta de la curcumina fueron evidentemente más bajas que las de los grupos de la dosis baja y media de la curcumina (P<0.05). La curcumina puede inhibir la expresión de las vías JAK/STAT3 y RAS/MAPK/NF-KB, bloquear el ciclo del crecimiento y luego inhibir la proliferación e inducir apoptosis de las células del cáncer colorrectal, lo que brinda una nueva idea para el tratamiento clínico del cáncer colorrectal.

Tratamento de feridas: Efeitos in vitro de aplicações farmacoterapêuticas do óleo de girassol (Helianthus annuus) / Wound healing: In vitro effects of the pharmacotherapeutic use of sunflower oil (Helianthus annuus) / Tratamiento de heridas: Efectos in vitro de las aplicaciones farmacoterapéuticas del aceite de girasol (Helianthus annuus)

Resumo Enquadramento: Óleos vegetais apresentam ação antimicrobiana e promovem a proliferação celular. O óleo de girassol é usado como alternativa para o tratamento de feridas cutâneas, especialmente nos países subdesenvolvidos ou em desenvolvimento. Objetivo: Caracterizar o óleo de girassol e avaliar os efeitos in vitro na proliferação celular e na atividade antimicrobiana. Metodologia: Análises por cromatografia a gás acoplada à espectrometria de massas, testes de proliferação celular e atividade antimicrobiana. Resultados: Na análise cromatográfica do óleo de girassol identificaram-se os compostos maioritários - ácidos gordos insaturados (82,2%) tendo como principais lípidos os ácidos linoleico (47,8%), oleico (28,7%) e linolênico (3,9%), seguidos pelos ácidos saturados (12,70%), palmítico (8,8%) e esteárico (3,6%). Houve diferença (p < 0,001) entre os tratamentos com óleo de girassol (100 e 10 µg/ml) e controlos negativos na proliferação celular. Ineficácia na atividade antimicrobiana frente às bactérias Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis e Klebsiella pneumoniae. Conclusão: A composição do óleo de girassol mostrou elevada concentração de ácidos gordos essenciais, promoveu proliferação celular, mas não inibiu atividade bacteriana.

Abstract Background: Vegetable oils have antimicrobial activity and promote cell proliferation. Sunflower oil is used as an alternative for treating skin wounds, particularly in underdeveloped or developing countries. Objective: To characterize sunflower oil and evaluate the in vitro effects on cell proliferation and antimicrobial activity. Methodology: The study was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and cell proliferation and antimicrobial activity tests. Results: The chromatographic analysis identified the main components of sunflower oil, namely: unsaturated fatty acids (82.2%) with linoleic (47.8%), oleic (28.7%), and linolenic (3.9%) acids as the main lipids, followed by saturated (12.70%), palmitic (8.8%) and stearic (3.6%) acids. A difference (p < 0.001) in cell proliferation was found between treatments with sunflower oil (100 and 10 µg/ml) and the negative controls. It failed in antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Conclusion: Sunflower oil contains a high concentration of essential fatty acids and promotes cell proliferation but fails to inhibit bacterial activity.

Resumen Marco contextual: Los aceites vegetales tienen acción antimicrobiana y promueven la proliferación celular. El aceite de girasol se utiliza como alternativa para tratar las heridas cutáneas, especialmente en los países subdesarrollados o en vías de desarrollo. Objetivo: Caracterizar el aceite de girasol y evaluar los efectos in vitro sobre la proliferación celular y la actividad antimicrobiana. Metodología: Análisis por cromatografía de gases acoplado a espectrometría de masas, pruebas de proliferación celular y actividad antimicrobiana. Resultados: En el análisis cromatográfico del aceite de girasol, se identificaron los compuestos mayoritarios - ácidos grasos insaturados (82,2%), los principales lípidos son el ácido linoleico (47,8%), oleico (28,7%) y linolénico (3,9%), seguidos del ácido saturado (12,70%), palmítico (8,8%) y esteárico (3,6%). Hubo una diferencia (p < 0,001) entre los tratamientos con aceite de girasol (100 y 10 µg/ml) y los controles negativos en la proliferación celular. Actividad antimicrobiana ineficaz contra las bacterias Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis e Klebsiella pneumoniae. Conclusión: La composición del aceite de girasol mostró una alta concentración de ácidos grasos esenciales, promovió la proliferación celular, pero no inhibió la actividad bacteriana.

Incidência de casos confirmados de dengue no Estado do Paraná Brasil nos anos de 2016 a 2021 / Incidence of confirmed dengue cases in the State of Paraná Brazil in the years of 2016 to 2021 / Incidencia de casos confirmados de dengue en el Estado de Paraná Brasil en los años 2016 a 2021

A dengue é uma doença dolorosa e debilitante transmitida por insetos da espécie Aedes aegypti. Ela é definida como uma doença viral que, nos últimos anos, se espalhou vertiginosamente por todas as regiões tropicais e subtropicais do planeta. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar e discutir o número e a taxa de incidência de casos de dengue no estado do Paraná utilizando-se dos boletins emitidos por semana epidemiológica nos anos de 2016 a 2021, considerando a sazonalidade da doença. Também se objetivou debater a incidência por macrorregional, as possíveis causas de períodos epidêmicos e ações de combate vetorial para redução dos casos da patologia. Foram utilizados como fonte de informações o banco de dados da Dengue/SVS/SESA, por meio de informes técnicos, disponibilizados pelo portal online de Boletins da Dengue Paraná da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Paraná. Conclui-se que o ano epidemiológico de 2019/2020 foi o de maior incidência e os anos epidemiológicos 2016/2017 e 2017/2018 apresentaram os menores casos durante todo período analisado. Dessa forma, a vigilância epidemiológica é muito importante para avaliação espacial da distribuição de casos para execução de ações estratégicas para redução da infestação do vetor. As políticas públicas e a disponibilização de inseticidas para aplicação também são essenciais para o combate da Dengue.

Dengue is a painful and debilitating disease transmitted by insects of the Aedes aegypti species. It is defined as a viral disease that, in recent years, has spread vertiginously throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the planet. This study aimed to identify and discuss the number and incidence rate of dengue cases in the state of Paraná using the bulletins issued by epidemiological week in the years 2016 to 2021, considering the seasonality of the disease. The aim was also to discuss the incidence per macro-region, the possible causes of epidemic periods, and vectorial combat actions to reduce the cases of the pathology. The Dengue/SVS/SESA database was used as a source of information, through technical reports, made available by the online portal of Dengue Paraná Bulletins of the Paraná State Health Department. It is concluded that the epidemiological year 2019/2020 was the one with the highest incidence and the epidemiological years 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 had the lowest cases during the entire period analyzed. Thus, epidemiological surveillance is very important for the spatial assessment of the distribution of cases to carry out strategic actions to reduce vector infestation. Public policies and the availability of insecticides for application are also essential to combat Dengue.

El dengue es una enfermedad dolorosa y debilitante transmitida por insectos de la especie Aedes aegypti. Se define como una enfermedad viral que, en los últimos años, se ha extendido vertiginosamente por las regiones tropicales y subtropicales del planeta. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar y discutir el número y la tasa de incidencia de los casos de dengue en el estado de Paraná utilizando los boletines emitidos por la semana epidemiológica en los años 2016 a 2021, considerando la estacionalidad de la enfermedad. También se pretendía discutir la incidencia por macrorregiones, las posibles causas de los periodos epidémicos y las acciones de control de vectores para la reducción de los casos de la enfermedad. Se utilizó como fuente de información la base de datos de Dengue/SVS/SESA, por medio de informes técnicos, puestos a disposición por el portal online de Boletines de Dengue Paraná de la Secretaría de Salud del Estado de Paraná. Se concluye que el año epidemiológico 2019/2020 fue el de mayor incidencia y los años epidemiológicos 2016/2017 y 2017/2018 presentaron los menores casos durante todo el periodo analizado. Por lo tanto, la vigilancia epidemiológica es muy importante para la evaluación espacial de la distribución de los casos para la implementación de acciones estratégicas para reducir la infestación del vector. Las políticas públicas y la disponibilidad de insecticidas para su aplicación también son esenciales para combatir el dengue.

Correlations between forkhead box D1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with bladder cancer and influence on biological behaviors of bladder cancer cells. / Correlación entre la expresión de Forkhead Box D1 y características clínico-patológicas de pacientes con cáncer de vejiga y su influencia en el comportamiento biológico de las células tumorales.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the correlationsbetween forkhead box D1 (FOXD1) expressionand clinicopathological characteristics of bladdercancer and influence on the biological behaviors ofbladder cancer cells. METHODS: The overall survival rate of 87 bladdercancer patients was evaluated to explore the predictivevalue of FOXD1. The expressions of FOXD1 in 87 bladdercancer tissues and 26 adjacent tissues were measuredthrough immunohistochemistry, and the correlationsbetween FOXD1 expression and clinicopathologicalcharacteristics of patients were analyzed. FOXD1 mimicand FOXD1 siRNA were mixed and transferred intoT24 cells to construct FOXD overexpression and knockdowncell lines. Cell counting kit-8, wound-healing andTranswell migration assays were performed to detectcell proliferation, migration and invasion. RESULTS: Prediction using bioinformatics websiteshowed that FOXD1 was highly expressed inbladder cancer tissues. The overall survival rate wassignificantly lower in bladder cancer patients withhigh FOXD1 expression than that in those with lowexpression (Psignificantly higher in bladder cancer tissues thanthat in adjacent tissues. The expression of FOXD1in bladder cancer tissues had no significant differencesamong patients with different gender, agesand tumor sizes, but significant differences amongthose with different tumor numbers, clinical stagesand histological grades (PNC group, the proliferation, migration and invasionof bladder cancer cells were significantly promotedin FOXD1 group and suppressed in si-FOXD1group (PCONCLUSIONS: FOXD1 is highly expressed in bladdercancer tissues and cells, being closely associatedwith the development and progression of bladder cancer.It facilitates the proliferation, migration and invasionof cells and carcinogenesis. FOXD1 may be a newtarget for bladder cancer therapy.

OBJETIVOS: Investigar la correlaciónentre la expresión de Forkhead Box D1 (FOXD1) y lascaracterísticas clínico patológicas del cáncer de vejigay su influencia en el comportamiento biológico de lascélulas tumorales.MÉTODOS: Se evaluó la supervivencia global de 87pacientes con cáncer de vejiga para explorar el valorpredictivo de FOXD1. La expresión de FOXD1 en 87 tejidostumorales y 26 tejidos adyacentes fueron evaluadoscon inmunohistoquímica y se analizaron las correlacionesentre FOXD1 y las características clínico-patológicas.FOXD1 mimic y FOXD1 siARN fueron mezclados ytransferidos a células T24 para crear la sobreexpresiónFOXD y causar un knockdown en las líneas celulares. Seutilizaron los ensayos Cell counting kit-8, wound-healingand Transwell migration para detectar la proliferacion,migración e invasion celular. RESULTS: La predicción obtenida con el uso de lapágina web bioinformatics mostró que FOXD1 estabaaltamente expresado en tejidos tumorales vesicales.La supervivencia global fue significativamente másbaja en pacientes con cáncer de vejiga con alta expresiónde FOXD1 que aquellos con baja expresión(Pmás alta en tejidos con cáncer de vejiga queen los tejidos adyacentes. La expresión de FOXD1 entejidos con cáncer de vejiga no presentó diferenciassignificativas en relacion al género, edad y tamañotumoral de los pacientes, pero sí presentó diferenciassignificativas entre el número de tumores, el estadioclínico y el grado histológico (Pcon el grupo NC, la proliferación, migración e invasionde las células tumorales fueron significativamentepromovidas en el grupo FOXD1 y suprimidasen el grupo si-FOXD1 (PCONCLUSIONS: FOXD1 está íntimamente asociadoal desarrollo y progresión del cáncer de vejiga al encontrarsealtamente expresado en las células del tejidotumoral. Facilita la proliferación, migración e invasióncelular en la carcinogénesis. FOXD1 podría ser unanueva diana para el tratamiento del cáncer de vejiga.

Correlations between forkhead box d1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with bladder cancer and influence on biological behaviors of bladder cancer cells / Correlations between forkhead box D1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with bladder cancer and influence on biological behaviors of bladder cancer cells

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the correlations between forkhead box D1 (FOXD1) expression and clinicopathological characteristics of bladdercancer and influence on the biological behaviors ofbladder cancer cells.METHODS: The overall survival rate of 87 bladdercancer patients was evaluated to explore the predictivevalue of FOXD1. The expressions of FOXD1 in 87 bladdercancer tissues and 26 adjacent tissues were measuredthrough immunohistochemistry, and the correlationsbetween FOXD1 expression and clinicopathologicalcharacteristics of patients were analyzed. FOXD1 mimic and FOXD1 siRNA were mixed and transferred intoT24 cells to construct FOXD overexpression and knockdown cell lines. Cell counting kit-8, wound-healing andTranswell migration assays were performed to detectcell proliferation, migration and invasion. RESULTS: Prediction using bioinformatics website showed that FOXD1 was highly expressed inbladder cancer tissues. The overall survival rate wassignificantly lower in bladder cancer patients withhigh FOXD1 expression than that in those with lowexpression (P<0.001). The expression of FOXD1 wassignificantly higher in bladder cancer tissues thanthat in adjacent tissues. The expression of FOXD1in bladder cancer tissues had no significant differences among patients with different gender, agesand tumor sizes, but significant differences amongthose with different tumor numbers, clinical stagesand histological grades (P<0.05). Compared withNC group, the proliferation, migration and invasionof bladder cancer cells were significantly promoted in FOXD1 group and suppressed in si-FOXD1group (P<0.05).CONCLUSIONS: FOXD1 is highly expressed in bladder cancer tissues and cells, being closely associatedwith the development and progression of bladder cancer. It facilitates the proliferation, migration and invasion of cells and carcinogenesis. FOXD1 may be a newtarget for bladder cancer therapy. (AU)

OBJETIVOS: Investigar la correlaciónentre la expresión de Forkhead Box D1 (FOXD1) y lascaracterísticas clínico patológicas del cáncer de vejigay su influencia en el comportamiento biológico de lascélulas tumorales.MÉTODOS: Se evaluó la supervivencia global de 87pacientes con cáncer de vejiga para explorar el valorpredictivo de FOXD1. La expresión de FOXD1 en 87 tejidos tumorales y 26 tejidos adyacentes fueron evaluadoscon inmunohistoquímica y se analizaron las correlaciones entre FOXD1 y las características clínico-patológicas. FOXD1 mimic y FOXD1 siARN fueron mezclados ytransferidos a células T24 para crear la sobreexpresiónFOXD y causar un knockdown en las líneas celulares. Seutilizaron los ensayos Cell counting kit-8, wound-healing and Transwell migration para detectar la proliferacion, migración e invasion celular.RESULTS: La predicción obtenida con el uso de lapágina web bioinformatics mostró que FOXD1 estabaaltamente expresado en tejidos tumorales vesicales.La supervivencia global fue significativamente másbaja en pacientes con cáncer de vejiga con alta expresión de FOXD1 que aquellos con baja expresión(P<0.001). La expresión de FOXD1 fue significativamente más alta en tejidos con cáncer de vejiga queen los tejidos adyacentes. La expresión de FOXD1 entejidos con cáncer de vejiga no presentó diferenciassignificativas en relacion al género, edad y tamañotumoral de los pacientes, pero sí presentó diferenciassignificativas entre el número de tumores, el estadioclínico y el grado histológico (P<0.05). Comparadocon el grupo NC, la proliferación, migración e invasion de las células tumorales fueron significativamente promovidas en el grupo FOXD1 y suprimidasen el grupo si-FOXD1 (P<0.05).CONCLUSIONS: FOXD1 está íntimamente asociadoal desarrollo y progresión del cáncer de vejiga al encontrarse altamente expresado en las células del tejidotumoral. Facilita la proliferación, migración e invasióncelular en la carcinogénesis. FOXD1

Proliferación vascular atípica mamaria inducida por radioterapia / Atypical vascular proliferation of the breast induced by radiation

La proliferación vasculara típica mamaria inducida por radioterapia es una proliferación angiomatoide que aparece sobre la piel previamente irradiada por el tratamiento conservador de un carcinomademama. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 58años que consultó por la aparición de múltiples pápulas purpúricas milimétricas en la mama derecha. Había recibido radioterapia y cuadrantectomía por un carcinoma intraductal 5años antes y estaba medicada con tamoxifeno. El análisis histópatológico e inmunohistoquímico informó: "Proliferación vascular atípica inducida por radiación, variedad atípica inducida por radiación, variedad linfática". Se adoptó una conducta expectante, con seguimiento estrecho.

Atypical vascular proliferation of the breast induced by radiation is an angiomatoid proliferation that appears on previously irradiated skin by the conservative treatament of a breast carcinoma. We present a 58-year-old female patient who consulted for multiple millimeter purpuric papules in the right breast. She received radiotherapy and quadrantectomy for an intraductal carcinoma 5 years before. She is currently on tomoxifen. The histopathology and immunohistochemistry reported atypical vascular proliferation induced by radiation, lymphatic variety. Watchuful waiting is adopted with close monitoring.

Valor actual de los hallazgos histológicos de biopsias de próstata negativas en la predicción del riesgo futuro de cáncer de próstata clínicamente significativo / The current value of histological findings in negative prostate biopsies to predict the future risk of clinically significant prostate cancer

Introducción: Se recomienda realizar una biopsia prostática (PBx) de repetición ante una sospecha persistente de cáncer de próstata (PCa) o cuando se identifica proliferación acinar atípica (ASAP), neoplasia intraepitelial de alto grado (HGPIN) extensa (≥3 zonas de biopsia) o HGPIN con células atípicas sospechosas de adenocarcinoma (PIN-ATYP). Actualmente se recomienda realizar una resonancia magnética multiparamétrica (mpMRI) y PBx guiada por mpMRI (MRI-TBx) en una PBx de repetición. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar el valor actual para predecir el riesgo de PCa clínicamente significativo (csPCa) del hallazgo de ASAP, mHGPIN, PIN-ATYP y otros hallazgos histológicos.MétodosSe realizó un análisis retrospectivo de 377 PBx de repetición. Se realizó MRI-TBx cuando la puntuación PI-RADS fue≥3 y PBX sistemáticas de 12 cilindros guiadas por ecografía transrectal (TRUS) cuando fue≤2. ASAP, HGPIN, HGPIN multifocal (mHGPIN), PIN-ATYP y otros 8 hallazgos histológicos fueron reportados prospectivamente en las PBx negativas. El csPCa fue definido como grado ISUP≥2.ResultadosLa incidencia de ASAP, mHGPIN y PIN-ATYP fue 4,2%, 39,7% y 3,7% respectivamente, y la tasa de csPCa fue estadísticamente similar en los pacientes con estos hallazgos histológicos. Sin embargo, las tasas de csPCa con atrofia proliferativa inflamatoria (PIA) presente y ausente fueron 22,2% y 36,1%, respectivamente. La PIA fue el único hallazgo histológico que predijo un menor riesgo de csPCa, con OR de 0,54 (IC 95%: 0,308-0,945, p=0,031). La PIA fue, también, un factor predictor independiente en un modelo combinando variables clínicas y mpMRI, que obtuvo un área bajo la curva de 0,86 (95% IC: 0,83-0,90).ConclusionesLa PIA resultó ser el único hallazgo histológico predictor del riesgo de csPCa, y puede contribuir en un modelo predictivo; mHGPIN no fue predictor de riesgo de csPCa. La baja incidencia de ASAP (4,2%) y PIN-ATYP (3,7%) impidió que pudiéramos obtener conclusiones sobre estas lesiones. (AU)

Introduction: Repeat prostate biopsy (PBx) is recommended under persistent suspicion of prostate cancer (PCa) or in the face of the following findings: atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP), extense (≥3 biopsy sites) high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), or HGPIN with atypical glands, suspicious for adenocarcinoma (PIN-ATYP). Nowadays, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and mpMRI targeted PBx (MRI-TBx) are recommended in repeat PBx. Our objective was to analyze the current value of ASAP, mHGPIN, PIN-ATYP and other histological findings to predict clinically significant PCa (csPCa) risk.MethodsRetrospective analysis of 377 repeat PBxs. MRI-TBx was performed when Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) score>3 and 12-core transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) systematic PBx when≤2. ASAP, HGPIN, mHGPIN, PIN-ATYP, and 8 other histological findings were prospectively reported in negative PBx. CsPCa was defined as ISUP group grade>2.ResultsIncidence of ASAP, multifocal HGPIN (mHGPIN) and PINATYP was 4.2%, 39.7% and 3.7% respectively, and csPCa rate was statistically similar among men with these histological findings. However, the rate of csPCa was 22.2% when proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) was present, and 36.1% when it was not. PIA was the only histological finding which predicted lower risk of csPCa, with an OR of .54 (95% CI: .308-.945, P=.031). In addition, PIA was an independent predictor of a model combining clinical variables and mpMRI which reached area under de ROC curve of .86 (95% CI: .83-.90).ConclusionsPIA emerged as the only predictive histological finding of csPCa risk and can contribute to a predictive model. mHGPIN failed to predict csPCa risk. The low incidence of ASAP (4.2%) and PIN-ATYP (3.7%) prevented us from drawing conclusions. (AU)

The current value of histological findings in negative prostate biopsies to predict the future risk of clinically significant prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Repeat prostate biopsy (PBx) is recommended under persistent suspicion of prostate cancer (PCa) or in the face of the following findings: atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP); extense (≥3 biopsy sites) high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN); or HGPIN with atypical glands; suspicious for adenocarcinoma (PIN-ATYP). Nowadays; multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and mpMRI targeted PBx (MRI-TBx) are recommended in repeat PBx. Our objective was to analyze the current value of ASAP; mHGPIN; PIN-ATYP and other histological findings to predict clinically significant PCa (csPCa) risk. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 377 repeat PBxs. MRI-TBx was performed when Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) score >3 and 12-core transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) systematic PBx when ≤2. ASAP; HGPIN; mHGPIN; PIN-ATYP; and 8 other histological findings were prospectively reported in negative PBx. CsPCa was defined as ISUP group grade >2. RESULTS: Incidence of ASAP; multifocal HGPIN (mHGPIN) and PINATYP was 4.2%; 39.7% and 3.7% respectively; and csPCa rate was statistically similar among men with these histological findings. However; the rate of csPCa was 22.2% when proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) was present; and 36.1% when it was not. PIA was the only histological finding which predicted lower risk of csPCa; with an OR of 0.54 (95%CI: 0.308-0.945; P = .031). In addition; PIA was an independent predictor of a model combining clinical variables and mpMRI which reached area under de ROC curve of 0.86 (95%CI: 0.83-0.90). CONCLUSION: PIA emerged as the only predictive histological finding of csPCa risk and can contribute to a predictive model. mHGPIN failed to predict csPCa risk. The low incidence of ASAP (4.2%) and PIN-ATYP (3.7%) prevented us from drawing conclusions.

Biological and physico-mechanical properties of poly (methyl methacrylate) enriched with graphene oxide as a potential biomaterial / Propiedades físicas-mecánicas-biológicas del poli (metilmetacrilato) enriquecido con óxido de grafeno como potencial biomaterial

Objective: To determine the cytotoxicity and effects of graphene oxide (GO) on cellular proliferation of gingival-fibroblasts, pulp-dental cells and human osteoblasts in culture, and to determine the physical, mechanical and biological properties of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) enriched with GO. Material and Methods: The GO was characterized with SEM. Cytotoxicity and cell proliferation were determined by the MTT bioassay. The physical mechanical tests (flexural strength and elastic modulus) were carried out with a universal testing machine. Sorption and solubility were determined by weighing before and after drying and immersion in water. Porosity was evaluated by visual inspection. Data were analyzed with Student's t-test and Tukey's posthoc ANOVA. Results: The GO has a heterogeneous morphology and a particle size of 66.67±64.76 µm. GO has a slight to no-cytotoxicity (>50-75% viability) at 1-30 days, and at 24 hours incubation of PMMA with GO significantly stimulates osteoblasts (45±8%, p<0.01). The physical and mechanical properties of PMMA with GO increase considerably without altering sorption, solubility and porosity. Conclusion: GO alone or with PMMA has an acceptable biocompatibility, could contribute to cell proliferation, cell regeneration and improve the physical mechanical properties of PMMA.

Objective: To determine the cytotoxicity and effects of graphene oxide (GO) on cellular proliferation of gingival-fibroblasts, pulpdental cells and human osteoblasts in culture, and to determine the physical, mechanical and biological properties of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) enriched with GO. Material and Methods: T he G O w as c haracterized with SEM. Cytotoxicity and cell proliferation were determined by the MTT bioassay. The physical-mechanical tests (flexural strength and elastic modulus) were carried out with a universal testing machine. Sorption and solubility were determined by weighing before and after drying and immersion in water. Porosity was evaluated by visual inspection. Data were analyzed with Student's t-test and Tukey's post-hoc ANOVA. Results: The GO has a heterogeneous morphology and a particle size of 66.67±64.76 ?m. GO has a slight to no-cytotoxicity (>50-75% viability) at 1-30 days, and at 24 hours incubation of PMMA with GO significantly stimulates osteoblasts (45±8%, p<0.01). The physical and mechanical properties of PMMA with GO increase considerably without altering sorption, solubility and porosity. Conclusion: GO alone or with PMMA has an acceptable biocompatibility, could contribute to cell proliferation, cell regeneration and improve the physical-mechanical properties of PMMA.

Lesiones plantares en paciente pediátrico: apropósito de dos casos / Sole of feet lesions in pediatric patients: a purpose of two cases

RESUMEN Las mastocitosis e histiocitosis, son enfermedades que se caracterizan por la proliferación o activación descontrolada y posterior acumulación anormal de mastocitos e histiocitos respectivamente. De incidencia desconocida, talvez porque son subdiagnosticadas. Su patogenia aún es desconocida, si bien está relacionada con mutaciones en la vía del C-KIT para las mastocitosis y de origen viral o neoplásico en el caso de las histiocitosis. Ambas patologías suelen ser frecuentes en la infancia, incluso algunas son congénitas. El mastocitoma cutáneo único sería una forma benigna de mastocitosis y la histiocitosis de células de Langerhans es una forma de histiocitosis que en nuestro caso al afectar un solo órgano (la piel) tendría un buen pronóstico.

SUMMARY Mastocytosis and histiocytosis are diseases that are characterice by uncontrolled proliferation or activation and subsequent abnormal activation of mast cells and histiocytes respectively. Of unknown incidence, perhaps because they are underdiagnosed, their pathogenesis is still unknown although it is related to mutations in the C-KIT pathway for mastocytosis and of viral or neoplastic origin in the case of histiocytosis. Both pathologies are usually frequent in childhood, even some are congenital. The single cutaneous mastocytoma would be a benign form of mastocytosis and the histiocytosis of Langerhans cells is a form of histiocytosis that in our case affecting a single organ (the skin) will have a good prognosis.

Anti-proliferative and apoptosis induction activities of curcumin on Leishmania major.

Leishmaniasis is a major vector-borne disease triggered by an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania and transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine female sand flies. This parasite causes a wide range of human diseases, from localized self-healing cutaneous lesions to fatal visceral infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic, antiproliferative, and apoptotic effects of curcumin on Leishmania major promastigotes (MHOM/SA/84/JISH) and to assess these effects on the cell cycle of promastigotes. The MTT colorimetric assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity and proliferation of promastigotes. Additionally, flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell cycle. The Annexin V/propidium iodide staining technique followed by flow cytometry was used to study the cell death induced by curcumin. In this study curcumin showed a potent antileishmanial effect, exhibiting cytotoxicity against L. major promastigotes. At 80µM, the survival in curcumin treated promastigotes reached 22%; however, the median lethal concentration of curcumin (LC50) was 35µM. The drug exerted its cytotoxic effect by inducing apoptosis. Curcumin-induced cell death in promastigotes reached 82.5% at 80µM concentration. In addition, curcumin delayed the cell cycle in the S-phase inhibiting cell proliferation. Thus, curcumin was shown to be effective against L. major promastigotes. Therefore, curcumin merits further research studies to demonstrate its efficacy in treating cutaneous leishmaniasis.